The cells are cultivated in two different phases as freely suspended cells in liquid phase and immobilized cells on solid phase.
Suspension culture:
In suspension culture the cells are dispersed in liquid medium and grow freely but not attached with any solid. The medium is agitated so that they should not form sediments. While adherent cells are permitted to get attached on solid support and they grow as immobilized culture. Therefore, it depends on choice of cells whether they are capable of growing freely in suspension or as immobilized culture (Anon, 1988)
A fully automated bioreactor is used that maintains the physicochemical and biological factors to optimum level and maintains freely the suspended cells in an agitated low viscous liquid medium. The most suitable bioreactor used is a compact-loop bioreactor that consists of marine impellers. It also relies on the integrated monitoring and control of physical, chemical, biological and biochemical parameters.
As compared to bacteria, animal cells grow slowly. This results in bringing the cells in unfavorable metabolic state due to even small changes in culture. The main carbon and energy sources are glucose and glutamine. Lactate and ammonia are their metabolic products that affect growth and productivity of cells. Therefore, on-line monitoring of glucose, glutamate and ammonia can be carried out by on-line flow injection analysis (FIA) by using gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), etc.
Moreover, cell death also occurs due to certain reasons. Therefore, for measuring differences between viable and dead cells some enzyme activities are measured and correlated with cell density. Lactase dehydrogenase is used to distinguish cell density of viable cells (Fiechter, 1996).